4th grading!!!

WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT





Web Page design

-----requires conceptualizing, planning, modeling, and executing electronic media content and its delivery via the Internet using technologies (such as markup languages) suitable for rendering and presentation by web browsers or other web-based graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
The intent of web design is to create a web site (a collection of electronic files residing on one or more web servers) that presents content (including interactive features or interfaces) to the end user in the form of web pages upon request. Such elements as text, forms, and bit-mapped images (GIFs, JPEGs, PNGs) can be placed on the page using HTML, XHTML, or XML tags. Displaying more complex media (vector graphics, animations, videos, sounds) usually requires browsers to incorporate optional plug-ins, such as Flash, QuickTime, and Java run-time environment. Other plug-ins are embedded in web pages, using HTML or XHTML tags.
Improvements in the various browsers' compliance with W3C standards prompted a widespread acceptance of XHTML and XML in conjunction with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to position and manipulate web page elements. The latest W3C standards and proposals aim to deliver a wide variety of media and accessibility options to the client without employing plug-ins.

Accessible Web design

To be accessible, web pages and sites must conform to certain accessibility principles. These can be grouped into the following main areas:

---use semantic markup that provides a meaningful structure to the document (i.e. web page)
---Semantic markup also refers to semantically organizing the web page structure and publishing web services description accordingly so that they can be recognized by other web services on different web pages. Standards for semantic web are set by IEEE

---use a valid markup language that conforms to a published DTD or Schema
provide text equivalents for any non-text components (e.g. images, multimedia)

---use hyperlinks that make sense when read out of context. (e.g. avoid "Click Here.")

---don't use frames.

---use CSS rather than HTML Tables for layout.

---author the page so that when the source code is read line-by-line by user agents (such as a screen readers) it remains intelligible. (Using tables for design will often result in information that is not.)

However, W3C permits an exception where tables for layout either make sense when linearized or an alternate version (perhaps linearized) is made available.

Website accessibility is also changing as it is impacted by Content Management Systems that allow changes to be made to webpages without the need of obtaining programming language knowledge.

♫WEB PAGE(introduction)♫

How to Create a Web Page???

Step1

When starting to write HTML code for a Web page, first type html and place this word in brackets. This will illustrate the command that you want to start a web page.

Step2

Next you will want to make a heading. To properly do this type type the word head in between brackets, which will initiate the start of the heading.

Step3

Next you will want to choose a title. You will be the title in between the words title (enclose in brackets) and /title (enclose in brackets).

Step4

To end a heading type /heading (enclose in brackets).

Step5

Next, you will write the body of the document you want to present in a web page. Type !--body of the Document--(enclose in brackets).

Step6

If you want to change the color of the body of the page, you would simply type body by color = "white" (enclose in brackets).

Step7

Now create a heading for the page. Here "h1" will be a tag for heading one.

Step8

Next comes the first paragraph of the document. To do so, you would put it type p (enclose in brackets).

Step9

To alter the color of the text, type font color = "green" (enclose in brackets).

Step10

To close off the paragraph, type /p (enclose in brackets). Now close off the font color command by typing /font (enclose in brackets).

Step11

Now type /p (enclose in brackets) to close off the paragraph.

Step12

If you choose to add another heading, simply start the tag as you did for heading 1. Type h2 Title of Heading 2 /h2. (enclosing both commands in brackets).

Step13

To alter the font of the text type strong bolded /strong (enclose in brackets).

Step14

To change font size type font face="Courier" Information of Text /font. The information you place inside the brackets will be the information that will portray the font change.

Step15

If you choose to align text on a certain side of a web page, simply apply the tags. p (enclose in brackets)
align "right" Text of Document /p.

Step16

When you are finished, simply save as a web page with the save web page option on Microsoft Word.

The New One...

HTML: What's That?!

HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for Web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code (such as JavaScript) which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and other HTML processors.

History of HTML

Origins

In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was an independent contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau each submitted separate proposals for an Internet-based hypertext system providing similar functionality. The following year, they collaborated on a joint proposal, the WorldWideWeb (W3) project,^[1] which was accepted by CERN.

First specifications

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called HTML Tags, first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991.^[2][3] It describes 22 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Thirteen of these elements still exist in HTML 4.^[4]

Berners-Lee considered HTML to be, at the time, an application of SGML, but it was not formally defined as such until the mid-1993 publication, by the IETF, of the first proposal for an HTML specification: Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly's "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft, which included an SGML Document Type Definition to define the grammar.^[5] The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes.^[6] Similarly, Dave Raggett's competing Internet-Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms.^[7]

After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based.^[6] Published as Request for Comments 1866, HTML 2.0 included ideas from the HTML and HTML+ drafts.^[8] There was no "HTML 1.0"; the 2.0 designation was intended to distinguish the new edition from previous drafts.^[9]

Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).^[10] However, in 2000, HTML also became an international standard (ISO/IEC 15445:2000). The last HTML specification published by the W3C is the HTML 4.01 Recommendation, published in late 1999. Its issues and errors were last acknowledged by errata published in 2001.

Version history of the standard

HTML version timeline

November 1995

HTML 2.0 was published as IETF RFC 1866. Supplemental RFCs added capabilities:

• November 1995: RFC 1867 (form-based file upload)
• May 1996: RFC 1942 (tables)
• August 1996: RFC 1980 (client-side image maps)
• January 1997: RFC 2070 (internationalization)

In June 2000, all of these were declared obsolete/historic by RFC 2854.

January 1997

HTML 3.2^[11] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group in September 1997.^[12]

HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions, and adopted most of Netscape's visual markup tags. Netscape's blink element and Microsoft's marquee element were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.^[10] The ability to include mathematical formulas in HTML wasn't standardized until years later in MathML.

December 1997

HTML 4.0^[13] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers three "flavors":

• Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden,
• Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed,
• Frameset, in which mostly only frame related elements are allowed;

Initially code-named "Cougar",^[14] HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as deprecated in favor of style sheets.

April 1998

HTML 4.0^[15] was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number.

December 1999

HTML 4.01^[16] was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three flavors as HTML 4.0, and its last errata were published May 12, 2001.

May 2000

ISO/IEC 15445:2000^[17] ("ISO HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard.

As of mid-2008, HTML 4.01 and ISO/IEC 15445:2000 are the most recent versions of HTML. Development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C's HTML Working Group through the early and mid-2000s.

Drafts

October 1991

HTML Tags,^[2] an informal CERN document listing twelve HTML tags, was first mentioned in public. November 1992.

July 1993

Hypertext Markup Language^[18] was published by the IETF as an Internet-Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It expired in January 1994.

November 1993

HTML+ was published by the IETF as an Internet-Draft and was a competing proposal to the Hypertext Markup Language draft. It expired in May 1994.

April 1995 (authored March 1995)

HTML 3.0^[19] was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months later without further action. It included many of the capabilities that were in Raggett's HTML+ proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures, and the display of complex mathematical formulas.^[20]

A demonstration appeared in W3C's own Arena browser. HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons. The pace of browser development, as well as the number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF.^[10] Netscape continued to introduce HTML elements that specified the visual appearance of documents,^[21] contrary to the goals of the newly-formed W3C, which sought to limit HTML to describing logical structure.^[22] Microsoft, a newcomer at the time, played to all sides by creating its own tags, implementing Netscape's elements for compatibility, and supporting W3C features such as Cascading Style Sheets.^[10]

January 2008

HTML5^[23] was published as a Working Draft by the W3C.

XHTML versions

Main article: XHTML

XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using XML 1.0. It continues to be developed:

• XHTML 1.0,^[24] published January 26, 2000 as a W3C Recommendation, later revised and republished August 1, 2002. It offers the same three flavors as HTML 4.0 and 4.01, reformulated in XML, with minor restrictions.
• XHTML 1.1,^[25] published May 31, 2001 as a W3C Recommendation. It is based on XHTML 1.0 Strict, but includes minor changes, can be customized, and is reformulated using modules from Modularization of XHTML, which was published April 10, 2001 as a W3C Recommendation.
• XHTML 2.0,^[26] is still a W3C Working Draft. XHTML 2.0 is incompatible with XHTML 1.x and, therefore, would be more accurate to characterize as an XHTML-inspired new language than an update to XHTML 1.x.
• XHTML5, which is an update to XHTML 1.x, is being defined alongside HTML5 in the HTML5 draft.

♦♦♦ array (additional info) ♦♦♦

Array. . .

Arrays are a vital part of programming, as they allow the programmer to store more than one value in a variable, whilst retaining a single reference. If we think of a variable as a single slot in memory (or a box) that can contain data of a certain type - number, character, etc. - then an array is the equivalent of a box divided into partitions, each containing a piece of data. Of course, because the array box is storing more information than a single variable box, it is much bigger : it needs more memory.

We can use the same name to access the variable, but we need some way to differentiate between the individual slots. To to this we use an index into the array. For example, supposing we have an array that is 100 units wide, we might access the hundredth unit thus:

myArray[99] = 3;

This example also illustrates another feature of most arrays - the index is usually zero based. In other words, the index to the first item is [0] and the index to the last item is [number of elements - 1].

In many programming languages, a string is treated as an array of characters. Usually these arrays are terminated with a null character to indicate the end of the string. This allows software to process strings without knowing the dimension of the array at design time. A collection of strings is still possible, however, by using a multidimensional array.

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

A multi-dimensional array is an array of arrays. If we think of a one-dimensional array as a row of slots in a box, then a two dimensional array is a grid of slots, and a three dimensional array is a cube of slots. Beyond three dimensions it becomes difficult to conceptualize, but theoretically at at least, arrays can have any dimension.

If we wish to represent a simple grid (a chessboard for example), we could define the array as:

myArray[8][8]

The square at row 3, column 5 would be referenced thus:

myArray[3][5] = 1;

We note from this example, that the convention for accessing arrays is often [row, column]. The reason for this is that if we want to store an array of strings, it makes sense to access an individual character in a single string as:

myStringArray[3][1]

This references the second character in the fourth string in the array.